Northwest Vietnam faces the dual challenge of developing both crop and livestock sectors within constraints of limited land, labour, and financial resources. 

• National targets to increase organic fertilizer use and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions further highlight the need for practical, affordable, and resource-efficient solutions. 
• Increased use of silage and legumes in animal feed can help reduce GHG emissions from enteric fermentation, while improved manure collection and composting can reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers. 

The Forage–Silage–Compost (FSC) model integrates these components into a circular system that optimizes on-farm resource use, transforms waste into value, and reduces dependence on external inputs such as chemical fertilizers and concentrate feeds. 
✓ It enhances both livestock feeding and crop fertilization in a mutually reinforcing manner.