Data gaps were identified through rapid surveys conducted at selected pig farms. These included information on manure management systems, storage duration of solid and liquid manure, and the chemical composition of manure. A preliminary experiment was conducted to determine the appropriate daily gas sampling time, followed by simulation experiments to estimate emission factors (EFs) for solid and liquid manure storage in pig production during winter and summer. 

Results showed that CH₄ emission factors in summer were 6–10 times higher than in winter. For solid manure, the highest CH₄ EF was observed in medium-scale farms, at 6.5 times higher than in small farms and 2.8 times higher than in large farms. For liquid manure, the highest CH₄ EF was recorded in large farms, 41% higher than in small farms. 

The N₂O EF from solid manure in summer was significantly higher than in winter, whereas N₂O emissions from liquid manure were similar across seasons. For both solid and liquid manure, the highest N₂O EF was observed in small farms.